Effects of environmental factors on the death of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during the high temperature process in Wuhan in 2014-2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the impact of temperature and environmental factors on the risk of deaths from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) in Wuhan during the course of high temperature. Methods The daily CVD death data and meteorological and atmospheric pollutant concentration data during the high temperature process in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019 were collected. The generalized additive models (GAM) were used to obtain the characteristics of meteorological factors, atmospheric pollutant concentrations, high impact factors and thresholds affecting the relative risk of CVD death. Results The analysis results showed that: (1) When the maximum temperature reached 36.7°C and the lowest temperature reached 25.3°C, the relative risk of CVD death increased significantly; (2) The risk of CVD death during the first high temperature process was the largest, and the average CVD excess mortality rate during the first high temperature process from 2014 to 2019 reached 21.7%; and (3) The average temperature, maximum temperature and PM10 during the course of high temperature were important environmental factors that increased the risk of CVD deaths, and the relative risks were 1.14 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.11-1.17), 1.11 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.08-1.15, and 1.06 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.02-1.09), respectively. Conclusion Temperature and PM10 are important environmental factors that increase the risk of death from CVD during the high temperature process in Wuhan from 2014 to 2019, with the first annual high temperature process having the greatest impact on the risk of CVD death.

Influencia del ángulo de iluminación solar y la altura de la toma de la imagen multiespectral sobre la estimación de biomasa de pasto kikuyo / Influence of height and zenith angle of multispectral images on the estimation of kikuyo grass biomass

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la influencia del ángulo cenital de iluminación solar (mañana, mediodía y tarde) y la distancia (entre 10 y 50m) de imágenes multiespectrales de praderas de kikuyo, para la estimación de biomasa. Se capturaron datos espectrales de 40 muestras y se les calculó el índice de vegetación normalizada (NDVI) y la biomasa del forraje de las áreas fotografiadas. La relación de la biomasa con el NDVi, se hizo mediante modelos aditivos generalizados. Se encontró que es posible predecir la cantidad de biomasa con imágenes tomadas al mediodía y las alturas de vuelo analizadas (con R2 =0,99), indicando que el monitoreo de praderas puede incorporar información de sensores con bandas de rojo e infrarrojo cercano, tomadas entre las 12:00m y 1:00pm.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of solar zenith angle (morning, noon and afternoon) and the distance (between 10 and 50m) of the multispectral images of kikuyo grasslands for biomass estimation. Spectral data from 40 samples were captured and the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) and the forage biomass of the photographed areas were calculated. The relationship of the biomass with the NDVi was made using generalized additive models. It was found that it is possible to predict the amount of biomass with images taken at noon and the flight heights analyzed (with R2 = 0.99), indicating that grassland monitoring can incorporate sensor information with red and near infrared bands taken between 12:00m and 1:00 pm.

Dinámica espacio-temporal del esfuerzo en una pesquería de buceo artesanal multiespecífica y sus efectos en la variabilidad de las capturas: Implicaciones para el manejo sostenible / Spatio-temporal dynamics of fishing effort in a multi-species artisanal diving fishery and its effects on catch variability: Insights for sustainable management

Artisanal diving fisheries are a source of income, employment and food security of coastal areas in many countries. Understanding the dynamics of these fisheries, including the spatial and temporal dynamics of fishing effort, gears and species can help to address the challenges involved in fisheries management. We aimed to analyze the differences in fishing strategies under- taken by fishers that use two different diving methods (hookah and free diving), the conditions and their potential impacts on catches when adjustments to those strategies are applied over time. For this, detailed information of fishing operations from artisanal boats in the North Pacific coast of Costa Rica was analyzed in two fishing seasons (2007-2008 and 2011-2012). Data were collected by onboard observers (fishing site, fishing time, species composition, depth and visibility). Additionally, interviews with divers were applied to obtain information of price per species, species volume and fishing operations. From the total number of trips during both seasons, hookah diving was represented by a sample size of 69.3%, while free diving, with a sample of 41.9%. More than 15 species were identified in each fishing season. Nevertheless, three categories had substantial contributions in both seasons with differences in the proportions for each case: green lobster (Panulirus gracilis), octopus (Octopus sp.) and parrotfish (Scarus perrico and S. ghobban). It is worth noting that an important proportion of catch was retained by fishers for personal consumption purposes, including species of high commercial value. Additional night diving activity, increased the number of dives from one season to another. Besides, cooperation processes in free diving fishing operations, and changes in fishing effort between seasons, defined important changes in fishing strategies. Potential causes of changes in fishing strategies and the implications for manage- ment to ensure the sustainability of these fisheries in the long term are discussed.

Las pesquerías artesanales asociadas a métodos de buceo son fuente de ingreso, empleo y seguridad alimentaria de zonas costeras en muchos países. Los altos precios y la poca movilidad de especies bénticas capturadas por buceo enfrentan retos cada vez mayores en su aprovechamiento y manejo, esto demanda un entendimiento integral de estas pesquerías en diferentes contextos, incluyendo la dinámica espacial y temporal del esfuerzo pesquero, las artes y las especies. En el presente estudio se busca elucidar si existen diferencias en las estrategias de pesca desarrolla- das por pescadores que emplean buceo en dos modalidades (hookah y buceo libre). También se busca conocer si se desarrollan adaptaciones de estas estrategias en el tiempo, bajo qué condiciones y el posible efecto de las estrategias sobre las capturas. Para ese fin se analizó información detallada de las operaciones de pesca de embarcaciones artesanales que operan en la costa del océano Pacífico de Costa Rica durante dos temporadas de pesca. Se analizó información obtenida a bordo de embarcaciones como: sitio de pesca, composición de especies, tiempo de pesca, número de inmersiones por viaje, entre otros; y se aplicaron entrevistas a buzos al momento de las descargas para obtener información de precios, el volumen de las especies capturadas y forma de operación de los pescadores. Para el buceo con hookah se obtuvo una muestra del 69.3% del total de viajes en las dos temporadas de pesca y en el caso del buceo libre se obtuvo una muestra del 41.9% del total de viajes en las dos temporadas de pesca estudiadas (2007-2008 y 2011-2012). Se identificaron más de 15 especies en cada temporada de pesca, dominaron tres categorías en ambas temporadas pero con diferencias en las proporciones obtenidas en cada caso: langosta (Panulirus gracilis), pulpo (Octopus sp) y pez loro (Scarus perrico y S. Ghobban). Resalta un componente importante de captura retenida por los pescadores para consumo personal, incluyendo especies de alto valor comercial. Se identificaron cambios en las estrategias de pesca asociadas a cambios en las capturas y cambios en la asignación espacial del esfuerzo pesquero de una temporada de pesca a otra, definidas por la adición de buceo nocturno, aumento en el número de inmersiones de una temporada a otra y procesos de cooperación en las faenas de pesca de buzos que usan buceo libre. Se discute las potenciales causas de los cambios en las estrategias de pesca observadas y se derivan implicaciones para el manejo que permiten la sostenibilidad de estas pesquerías a largo plazo.

Heat Wave and Daily Mortality of Residents in a Coastal City in China / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To understand the effects of heat wave on daily mortality of residents in a coastal city in China.Methods In this paper,semi-parametric generalized additive model was used to study the relationship between average daily temperature and the daily mortality of local residents,and every day lag on the impact of daily mortality was observed by the distributed lag model,2005 -2007.Results The relation between the coastal city daily mortality and the daily average temperature was fitted,2005-2007.The relation between them was approximately "V".In summer,the daily average temperature increased 1℃,the relative risk factor increased 0.036.In the establishment of the semi-parametric generalized additive regression model,the daily average temperature and daily mortality showed a significant linear relationship(P

Poluição do ar e saúde em duas grandes metrópoles brasileiras na década de 90: (Nota Prévia) / Health effects of air pollution in two large brazilian cities during the 1990s(Previous Note)

DELINEAMENTO DO PROBLEMA: Com a crescente preocupação acerca dos efeitos nocivos da poluição do ar para a saúde, fazem-se necessárias a investigação e a quantificação desses efeitos em nosso meio. Diante disso, realizou-se um estudo de séries temporais com o objetivo de analisar a associação entre exposição à poluição do ar e mortalidade e internações hospitalares em indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias nas duas maiores metrópoles brasileiras: São Paulo entre 1996 e 2000 e Rio de Janeiro durante 1990-93 e 2000-01. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido paralelamente nos municípios de São Paulo (MSP) e do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ). Foram obtidas, a partir de fontes secundárias, informações diárias sobre mortalidade e internações hospitalares (menores de 5 anos e igual ou maiores de 65 anos), níveis atmosféricos dos principais poluentes do ar (material particulado-PM10 em São Paulo e PM10 e PTS no Rio de Janeiro, dióxido de enxofre-SO2, monóxido de carbono-CO, dióxido de nitrogênio-NO2 e ozona-O3) e variáveis meteorológicas. Esses dados foram analisados, mediante técnicas de séries temporais em modelos lineares com o emprego de equações de estimação generalizada e ou mediante modelos não-paramétricos, com a utilização de modelos aditivos generalizados em regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Enquanto, no MSP, o padrão diário dos poluentes foi ultrapassado diversas vezes, no MRJ, apenas os níveis de PTS excederam esse padrão, embora o período analisado tenha sido diferente. Encontraram-se associações estatisticamente significantes entre aumentos nos níveis de poluição (principalmente material particulado , CO e SO2) e aumentos na mortalidade e nas hospitalizações, por causas respiratórias e cardiovasculares, em crianças e idosos após ajuste para tendências temporais, sazonalidade, temperatura e umidade. O aumento percentual de internações respiratórias em crianças, correspondente a incrementos de 10µg/m3 no PM10, foi de 1,8% (IC95%: 0,4 a 3,3) no MRJ e de 6,7% (IC95%: 4,9 a 8,6) no MSP. Em idosos, foi de 1,9% (IC95%: 1,1 a 2,7) no MSP e de 3,5% (IC95%: 1,2 a 5,9) no MRJ. O aumento na mortalidade respiratória em idosos foi de 0,9% (IC95%: 0,5 a 1,3) para o PM10 no MSP e 0,9% (IC95%: -0,03 a 1,2) para PTS no MRJ. A mortalidade cardiovascular em idosos também apresentou associação com a poluição nos dois municípios. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que os níveis de poluição vivenciados atualmente em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro são suficientes para causar agravos à saúde da população. Medidas articuladas entre os diversos setores que gerenciam a vida urbana nessas metrópoles são fundamentais para buscar a melhoria da qualidade do ar e, conseqüentemente, da saúde da população.

BACKGROUND: With the growing concern about the adverse effects of air pollution on health, it is necessary to investigate and quantify these effects in our cities. A time-series study with the objective of analyzing the association between exposure to outdoor levels of air pollution and mortality and hospital admissions for different age-groups was conducted in the two largest Brazilian cities: Sao Paulo for the period between 1996 to 2000, and Rio de Janeiro during 1990-93 and 2000-01. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted simultaneously in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Daily information on mortality and hospital admissions of children under 5 years of age and of the elderly (> 65 years of age) was obtained. Atmospheric levels of the major air pollutants (particulate matter-PM10, in Sao Paulo and PM10 and TSP, in Rio de Janeiro, sulfur dioxide-SO2, carbon monoxide-CO, nitrogen dioxide-NO2 and ozone-O3), and meteorological variables were obtained from secondary data sources in both cities. These data were analyzed through time series techniques in linear models (Generalized Estimated Equations-GEE) and/or in non-parametric regression models in Generalized Additive Models (GAM) using Poisson regression. RESULTS: While most air pollutants levels in Sao Paulo exceeded recommended guidelines, in Rio this happened only with TSP levels, although the periods analyzed were different. We found statistically significant associations between level of pollution (mostly for particulate matter, CO and SO2) and mortality and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular causes, for children and the elderly, in both cities, after adjustment for long term trends, seasonality, temperature and humidity. The percentage increase in hospitalizations for respiratory causes in children, for a 10mg/m3 increase in PM10 was 1,8% (CI95%: 0,4 to 3,3%) in Rio, and 6,7% (CI95%: 4,9 to 8,6%), in Sao Paulo. For the elderly this was 1,9% (CI95%: 1,1 to 2,7%), in Sao Paulo and 3,5% (CI95%: 1,2 to 5,9%), in Rio. Percentage increase in mortality by respiratory causes was 0,9% (CI95%: 0,5 to 1,3%) for PM10 in Sao Paulo and of 0,9% (CI95%: -0,03 to 1,2%) for TSP in Rio. Mortality from cardiovascular causes was also associated with air pollution in both cities. CONCLUSIONS: Current air pollution levels in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are capable of producing harmful effects in the health of the population. Articulated measures between sectors that manage the urban life in these metropoli are fundamental to improve air quality and consequently, reduce the related health effects.